Conhecimento de acadêmicos de enfermagem sobre a vacina contra o papilomavírus humano / Conocimientos de académicos de enfermería sobre la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano / Nursing students' knowledge on the human papillomavirus vaccine

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o conhecimento entre acadêmicos de enfermagem sobre a vacina contra o papilomavírus humano e comparar os resultados obtidos entre estudantes do primeiro e do último ano de graduação. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo, realizado entre maio e junho de 2019. Aplicado questionário a 179 estudantes do curso de Enfermagem de uma universidade pública do estado de São Paulo, contendo dados sociodemográficos e outro sobre o conhecimento do papilomavírus humano e a vacina contra o mesmo. Dados foram analisados através do programa Statistical Packcage for Social Science. Resultados 82,4% dos estudantes do primeiro ano e 95,5% do último responderam que sabiam o que é o papilomavírus humano, e afirmaram ser um vírus sexualmente transmissível. Lacunas de conhecimento foram identificadas, quanto à finalidade do exame citopatológico, aos fatores de risco relacionados à infecção e relacionados à vacina, como número de doses e possíveis riscos e benefícios da mesma. Conclusão Apesar de os acadêmicos demonstrarem conhecimento quanto ao papilomavírus humano, sua transmissibilidade e relação direta com o câncer do colo do útero, ainda apresentaram dúvidas importantes que devem ser sanadas, quanto à finalidade do exame citopatológico, aos fatores de risco para infecção pelo vírus e em relação à vacina contra o papilomavírus humano.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar los conocimientos de académicos de enfermería sobre la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano y comparar los resultados obtenidos de estudiantes del primer y del último año de carrera. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo realizado entre mayo y junio de 2019. Cuestionario aplicado a 179 estudiantes de la carrera de Enfermería de una universidad pública del estado de São Paulo, que contenía datos sociodemográficos, y otro sobre conocimientos del virus del papiloma humano y su vacuna. Los datos fueron analizados a través del programa Statistical Packcage for Social Science. Resultados El 82,4 % de los estudiantes de primer año y el 95,5 % del último respondieron que sabían lo que es el virus del papiloma humano y afirmaron que es un virus sexualmente transmisible. Se identificaron vacíos de conocimiento respecto a la finalidad del estudio citológico, a los factores de riesgo relacionados con la infección y con la vacuna, como número de dosis y sus posibles riesgos y beneficios. Conclusión A pesar de que los académicos demostraron conocimientos respecto al virus del papiloma humano, su transmisión y relación directa con el cáncer de cuello uterino, también presentaron dudas importantes que deben ser aclaradas sobre la finalidad del estudio citológico, los factores de riesgo de la infección por el virus y sobre la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano.

Abstract Objective To assess nursing students' knowledge on the human papillomavirus vaccine and compare the results obtained among students of the first and last year of graduation. Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study, conducted between May and June 2019. A questionnaire was applied to 179 nursing students from a public university in the state of São Paulo, containing sociodemographic data and another on knowledge of human papillomavirus and the vaccine against it. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Packcage for Social Science. Results 82.4% of first-year students and 95.5% of last-year students answered that they knew what human papillomavirus is, claiming to be a sexually transmitted virus. Knowledge gaps were identified regarding the purpose of cytopathological examination, risk factors related to infection and related to the vaccine, such as number of doses and possible risks and benefits of it. Conclusion Although students demonstrated knowledge on human papillomavirus, its transmissibility and direct relationship with cervical cancer, they still presented important doubts that should be answered, regarding the purpose of the cytopathological examination, the risk factors for infection by the virus and in relation to the vaccine against the human papillomavirus.

Correlation of interleukin-18 gene polymorphism with the susceptibility of condyloma acuminatum in Chinese population

ABSTRACT Host immunogenetic setting is involved in the regulation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and development of condyloma acuminatum (CA). We investigated the correlation of two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−607C/A and −137G/C) of IL-18 with the susceptibility of CA in a large Chinese cohort. Out of 408 CA patients analyzed, 300 had HPV infection transmitted through sexual contact (SC) and 108 through non-sexual contact (NSC). In addition, 360 healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. SNPs at positions −607C/A and −137G/C in IL-18 promoter were analyzed. Comparing CA patients to healthy controls, no dominant relevance was found between the IL-18 promoter −607 C/A or −137G/C polymorphisms and the CA disease either identified genotypically (p > 0.05) or by allelically (p > 0.05). However, the IL-18 promoter −137G/C polymorphism genotype and allele frequencies in the NSC CA group, but not between in the SC group, were significantly higher than in the controls. There was no dominant relevance between IL-18-607C/A polymorphism genotype and allele frequencies among SC, NSC CA patients, and controls. Our study demonstrates that polymorphism −137G/C in IL-18 promoter is significantly correlated with risk of CA in NSC patients.

Discrepancies in the evaluation of the safety of the human papillomavirus vaccine

Despite being more than ten years since its introduction, global acceptance to the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is still low. The immunogenetic background of the host, and HPV antigen recognition, are important in natural HPV infection, and should be taken into account in the understanding of adverse autoimmune reactions by the HPV vaccine in certain groups. There is no doubt of the benefit of vaccines in the reduction of the incidence of infectious diseases, and in the case of HPV, the prevention of persistent infection that would lead to cervical cancer. Side-effects, however, should be closely monitored and reported without any bias, to ensure that the benefits of vaccines outweigh the risks of adverse reactions. In this article we bring the attention on certain adverse effects of the vaccine against HPV that have not been well studied as they are not well defined. We also compare the different approaches on HPV vaccine policies regarding its adverse reactions in countries like Japan and Colombia, vs. the recommendations issued by the WHO.

Epidemiología de la infección oral por VPH en sujetos jóvenes sanos / Epidemiology of oral HPV infection in young healthy individuals

Resumen Introducción: La infección por VPH es la infección viral de transmisión sexual más frecuente, y se encuentra asociada a diversas neoplasias. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología, historia natural y factores de riesgo asociados a la infección oral por VPH en adultos jóvenes asintomáticos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de corte longitudinal, que incluyó sujetos sin patología oral, a los que se les tomó una muestra de la mucosa bucal. A todos los sujetos con resultados positivos se les realizó un nuevo muestreo seis meses después. Se identificó la presencia del virus por RPC; los datos demográficos y de conducta sexual fueron obtenidos con una encuesta que respondieron sin intervención del investigador. Resultados: Se recolectaron 102 muestras de sujetos de 18-26 años de edad, 60 (58,8%) correspondieron al sexo masculino. La prevalencia del virus fue de 6,9%; todos los sujetos positivos tenían vida sexual. Las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo fue la única variable asociada a la presencia del virus (p < 0,05). A los seis meses, todos los sujetos habían eliminado al virus. Conclusión: La infección oral por VPH es transitoria y está asociada a relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo, principalmente mujeres que tienen sexo con mujeres.

Background: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection, and is associated with several neoplasms. Aim: To describe the epidemiology, natural history and risk factors associated with oral HPV infection in asymptomatic young adults. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted, including subjects without oral pathology, who were sampled from the oral mucosa. All subjects with positive results were re-sampled 6 months later. The presence of HPV was identified by PCR. Demographic and sexual behavior data were obtained with a survey that was responded without the intervention of the researcher. Results: 102 samples were collected from subject of 18-26 years old, 60 (58.8%) were male. The prevalence of the virus was 6.9%; all positive subjects had active sexual life. Same-gender relationships were the only variable associated with the presence of the virus (p < 0.05). At six months all subjects had eliminated the virus. Conclusion: Oral HPV infection is transient and is associated to same-gender relationships, mainly women who have sex with women.

Representações sociais das adolescentes acerca da vacinação contra o HPV: repercussões na adesão à profilaxia / Social representations of adolescents about HPV vaccination: repercussions on adherence to prophylaxis

Esta pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo: "os saberes e as práticas das adolescentes frente à vacinação contra o HPV" e utilizou a teoria as Representações Sociais. Foram delineados os seguintes objetivos: Identificar o entendimento que as adolescentes têm acerca do HPV; Acessar os conteúdos que organizam as representações sociais das adolescentes sobre a vacinação contra o HPV; Analisar as aproximações e distanciamentos entre as representações sociais produzidas pelas adolescentes que aderiram e não aderiram à vacinação contra o HPV e Discutir as implicações dessas representações nas atitudes/tomadas de decisões frente à vacinação contra o HPV. Para o alcance dos objetivos foi realizado um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando a Representação Social (RS) não somente enquanto teoria, mas também como método, baseado na vertente processual. Os cenários foram dois colégios públicos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com 29 participantes adolescentes, entre 10 a 19 anos. Os aspectos éticos foram cumpridos baseados na Resolução no 466/2012. O Projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da EEAN/HESFA/UFRJ sob o número 1.083.743 e CAAE: 4414.1515.0.0000.5238. As técnicas de coleta de dados e sua organização para a análise: Teste de Associação Livre de Idéias (ALI), com a aplicação da técnica de análise de conteúdo temático de Bardin; instrumento para traçar o perfil sociodemográfico, tratado por meio estatístico; e entrevista individual semi-estruturada, submetida ao software IRAMUTEQ®, para a análise estatística de fontes textuais, que obteve como aproveitamento total 77,97%, representando um bom rendimento. Emergiram dois blocos temáticos sendo o primeiro denominado: Imagens sociais do HPV, quando discute a Classe 1: Explicando os meios de transmissibilidade e prevenção do HPV e a Classe 4: Conteúdos e saberes acerca do HPV, o segundo bloco intitulado: Sentidos e práticas da vacinação contra o HPV, que discute a Classe 5: Meios de circulação da informação sobre a vacinação; a Classe 3: A vacinação contra o HPV: saberes sociais; e a Classe 2: Dimensão atitudinal frente à vacinação do HPV Partindo das representações sociais constituídas pelas adolescentes vacinadas e não vacinadas do estudo. Os resultados demonstram que as representações que as entrevistadas têm acerca da vacinação contra o HPV, ilustram conteúdos e sentidos que emergem de seu meio social quando buscam explicar e compreender as formas de contaminação e prevenção do HPV. As mesmas indicam que as informações circulantes advêm da família, colégio e amigas, além da mídia. A representação da vacinação e trazida na percepção, da prevenção da doença, e nos questionamentos sobre a oferta vacinal. A dimensão atitudinal é posta mediante suporte dos pais, para as que foram vacinadas, e para as que não foram na não adesão por não se verem representadas. Desta maneira percebe-se a necessidade de atenção pelos governantes, enquanto políticas públicas, nas estratégias e abordagens da população de adolescentes, compreendendo as suas questões sobre a infecção e vacina, como também, no apoio escolar, da família e comunidade, referente às orientações, esclarecimentos e estimulo objetivando uma maior adesão à vacinação contra o HPV.

This research had as its object of study: "the knowledge and practices of adolescents regarding vaccination against HPV" and used the Social Representations theory. The following objectives were outlined: To identify the adolescents' understanding of HPV; Access the content that organizes the adolescents' social representations about HPV vaccination; Analyze the approximations and distances between the social representations produced by the adolescents who adhered and did not adhere to the HPV vaccination and Discuss the implications of these representations in the attitudes / decision-making regarding the HPV vaccination. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive study with a qualitative approach was carried out, using Social Representation (RS) not only as a theory, but also as a method, based on the procedural aspect. The scenarios were two public schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with 29 adolescent participants, between 10 and 19 years old. Ethical aspects were met based on Resolution 466/2012. The Project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of EEAN/HESFA/UFRJ under number 1.083.743 and CAAE: 4414.1515.0.0000.5238. The techniques of data collection and their organization for analysis: Free Association of Ideas Test (ALI), with the application of Bardin's thematic content analysis technique; instrument to trace the sociodemographic profile, treated by statistical means; and semi-structured individual interview, submitted to the IRAMUTEQ® software, for the statistical analysis of textual sources, which obtained a total utilization of 77.97%, representing a good performance. Two thematic blocks emerged, the first being named: Social images of HPV, when discussing Class 1: Explaining the means of transmissibility and prevention of HPV and Class 4: Contents and knowledge about HPV, the second block entitled: Senses and practices of HPV vaccination, which discusses Class 5: Means of circulating vaccination information; Class 3: HPV vaccination: social knowledge; and Class 2: Attitudinal dimension towards HPV vaccination Based on the social representations of the vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescents in the study. The results demonstrate that the representations that the interviewees have about HPV vaccination, illustrate contents and meanings that emerge from their social environment when they seek to explain and understand the forms of HPV contamination and prevention. They indicate that the circulating information comes from family, school and friends, in addition to the media. The representation of vaccination is brought about in the perception, in the prevention of the disease, and in the questions about the vaccine offer. The attitudinal dimension is supported by parents, for those who have been vaccinated, and for those who have not been in non- adherence because they are not represented. In this way, it is perceived the need for attention by government officials, as public policies, in the strategies and approaches of the adolescent population, understanding their questions about the infection and vaccine, as well as in school, family and community support, regarding the guidelines, clarifications and stimulation aiming at greater adherence to HPV vaccination.

Esta investigación tuvo como objeto de estudio: "los conocimientos y prácticas de los adolescentes sobre la vacunación contra el VPH" y utilizó la teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Se delinearon los siguientes objetivos: Identificar la comprensión de los adolescentes sobre el VPH; Acceder al contenido que organiza las representaciones sociales de los adolescentes sobre la vacunación contra el VPH; Analizar las aproximaciones y distancias entre las representaciones sociales producidas por los adolescentes adheridos y no adheridos a la vacunación contra el VPH y Discutir las implicaciones de estas representaciones en las actitudes / toma de decisiones respecto a la vacunación contra el VPH. Para lograr los objetivos se realizó un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, utilizando la Representación Social (RS) no solo como teoría, sino también como método, a partir del aspecto procedimental. Los escenarios fueron dos escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, con 29 participantes adolescentes, entre 10 y 19 años. Los aspectos éticos se cumplieron en base a la Resolución 466/2012. El Proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de EEAN/HESFA/UFRJ con el número 1.083.743 y CAAE: 4414.1515.0.0000.5238. Las técnicas de recolección de datos y su organización para el análisis: Prueba de Asociación Libre de Ideas (ALI), con la aplicación de la técnica de análisis de contenido temático de Bardin; instrumento para trazar el perfil sociodemográfico, tratado por medios estadísticos; y entrevista individual semiestructurada, sometida al software IRAMUTEQ®, para el análisis estadístico de fuentes textuales, que obtuvo una utilización total del 77,97%, lo que representa un buen desempeño. Surgieron dos bloques temáticos, el primero se nombró: Imágenes sociales del VPH, al discutir la Clase 1: Explicando los medios de transmisibilidad y prevención del VPH y la Clase 4: Contenidos y conocimientos sobre el VPH, el segundo bloque titulado: Sentidos y prácticas de Vacunación contra el VPH, que trata sobre la Clase 5: Medios de hacer circular la información sobre vacunación; Clase 3: Vacunación contra el VPH: conocimiento social; y Clase 2: Dimensión actitudinal hacia la vacunación contra el VPH Basado en las representaciones sociales de los adolescentes vacunados y no vacunados del estudio. Los resultados demuestran que las representaciones que los entrevistados tienen sobre la vacunación contra el VPH, ilustran contenidos y significados que emergen de su entorno social cuando buscan explicar y comprender las formas de contaminación y prevención del VPH. Indican que la información que circula proviene de familiares, colegio y amigos, además de los medios de comunicación. La representación de la vacunación se produce en la percepción, en la prevención de la enfermedad y en las preguntas sobre la oferta de vacunas. La dimensión actitudinal es apoyada por los padres, por las que se han vacunado y por las que no han estado en incumplimiento por no estar representadas. De esta manera, se percibe la necesidad de atención por parte de los funcionarios de gobierno, como políticas públicas, en las estrategias y enfoques de la población adolescente, entendiendo sus interrogantes sobre la infección y vacuna, así como en el apoyo escolar, familiar y comunitario, en cuanto a los lineamientos. , aclaraciones y estímulos para lograr una mayor adherencia a la vacunación contra el VPH.

Conocimiento y creencias de mujeres del estado de Morelos sobre el virus del papiloma humano / Knowledge and beliefs of women from the state of Morelos about the human papilloma virus

Introducción: una enfermedad de transmisión sexual que afecta a un alto porcentaje de mujeres jóvenes de todo el mundo es la infección producida por virus papiloma humano. La falta de información asociada a diversos factores culturales, favorece el desarrollo de creencias que dificultan la prevención y diagnóstico oportunos. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimiento y las creencias que tienen las mujeres del Estado de Morelos, México, sobre la transmisión, detección y tratamiento de la infección por virus del papiloma humano de acuerdo con la edad y el grado de escolaridad. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal a partir de un cuestionario aplicado a 690 mujeres en el estado de Morelos. Resultados: el nivel de conocimientos entre la mayoría de la población femenina fue de nivel medio, se incrementa en mujeres jóvenes y con mayor escolaridad. La creencia de que la detección de infección implica mayor gasto económico se presenta sin distinción de edad o nivel escolar. Conclusiones: los aspectos más conocidos sobre la infección por virus papiloma humano, es que es una infección de transmisión sexual, asociada a la aparición de verrugas en genitales y causante de cáncer cérvico uterino. Los menos conocidos son: que la infección es asintomática y que no existe tratamiento para eliminarla(AU)

Introduction: A sexually transmitted disease affecting a high percentage of young women worldwide in the infection produced by the human papilloma virus (HPV). The lack of information associated with different cultural factor favors the development of beliefs that limit timely prevention and diagnosis. Objective: Identify the level of knowledge and beliefs of women from the state of Morelos, Mexico, about the transmission, detection and treatment of HPV infection in accordance with their age and school level. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study with a survey conducted on 690 women on the state of Morelos. Results: The level of knowledge among most of the female population was average, increased in young women and those with higher school level. The belief that infection detection implies higher economic spends is present regardless age and school level. Conclusions: The most known aspects about HPV are that it is a sexually transmitted infection, associated to the onset of genital warts and causing cervical cancer. The least known are that the infection is asymptomatic and that there is no treatment to eliminate it(AU)

Análise do conhecimento de escolares sobre papilomavírus humano / Analysis of students' knowledge about human papillomavirus

A infecção pelo papilomavírus humano é o principal fator de risco para o câncer de colo uterino e fator de risco também para câncer de orofaringe e pênis. A adolescência constitui o período de maior risco de infecção pelo vírus, pois é nela que muitos iniciam a vida sexual. Informações sobre o papilomavírus são fundamentais na sua prevenção. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos adolescentes acerca do papilomavírus humano e informar sobre prevenção, transmissão e infecção. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em um colégio, tendo 390 participantes, de idade entre 11 e 18 anos. Utilizou-se questionário com perguntas objetivas, análise descritiva e teste do c 2 . O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p<0,05. Realizaram- se palestras informativas após análise de dados. Resultados: Um total de 188 participantes eram do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 14,4 anos; 91,28% já ouviram sobre papilomavírus humano e 91,54% responderam que é um vírus. Dos participantes, 43,08% souberam o significado da sigla e 81,03% apontaram as relações sexuais como principal maneira de transmissão, contudo, somente 48,46% apontaram que ambos os sexos podem ser infectados. Sobre prevenção, 59,48% se lembraram do uso de preservativo, 12,56% do início tardio da atividade sexual e número reduzido de parceiros, 55,38% da vacinação e 28,20% da educação sexual. Vacinação e preservativos foram lembrados principalmente pelo sexo feminino (p<0,05). Um total de 70,00% dos adolescentes souberam as manifestações clínicas da infecção. Conclusão: A maioria dos participantes conhece as informações básicas sobre o papilomavírus humano. Todavia, o conhecimento é menor sobre ambos os gêneros poderem ser infectados e formas de prevenção. As participantes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior nível de conhecimento.

The human papillomavirus is the main risk factor for cervical cancer and is also a risk factor for oropharyngeal and penile cancer. Adolescence is the period of greatest risk of infection by the virus, because many people begin the sexual life during this period. Information about human papillomavirus is fundamental for prevention. Objective: To evaluate the adolescent's knowledge about human papillomavirus and to disseminate information about prevention, transmission, and infection. Methods: Cross-sectional study that was carried out in a school with 390 participants, who were aged 11­18 years. A questionnaire with objective questions, descriptive analysis, and the c 2 test were used. The statistical significance level was established as p<0.05. Informative lectures were carried out after the data analysis. Results: A total of 188 participants were females. The average age was 14.4 years. Among the participants, 91.28% had already heard about human papillomavirus and 91.54% of them answered that it is a virus. A total of 43.08% participants knew what the acronym stood for. The sexual intercourse was indicated by 81.03% of the participants as the main route of transmission; however, only 48.46% indicated that both genders could be infected. With regard to prevention, 59.48% of participants mentioned condom use, 12.56% of them alluded to late start of sexual activity, 53.38% of them mentioned vaccination, and 28.02% of participants indicated sexual education. Mainly female participants referred to vaccination and condom use (p<0.05). The clinical symptoms of this infection were correctly indicated by 70% of the adolescents. Conclusion: Most of the participants were aware of the basic information about human papillomavirus. However, their awareness of the possibility of both genders becoming infected and about prevention is poorer. Female participants showed higher knowledge level.

Costo-efectividad de la vacuna tetravalente contra VPH en Argentina, a partir de un modelo dinámico de transmisión / Cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent vaccine against human papilloma virus in Argentina based on a dynamic transmission model

Objetivo. Evaluar la costo-efectividad (CE) de la vacuna tetravalente contra el virus de papiloma humano (VPH) en Argentina, desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud. Material y métodos. Se utilizó un modelo dinámico de transmisión para estimar el impacto en la incidencia de cáncer de cuello uterino (Cacu), verrugas y otras lesiones, en los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC) y en costos sanitarios. Resultados. La vacuna podría reducir en 60% el riesgo de muerte por Cacu y en 67% el de padecer verrugas genitales. Comparada con no vacunar, la estrategia de vacunación mostró un beneficio incremental promedio de 0.00234 AVAC por persona a un costo incremental de 2.36 dólares, con una CE de 1007.55 dólares por AVAC ganado. Los resultados demostraron ser robustos en el análisis de sensibilidad. Conclusiones. La inmunización resultaría costo-efectiva, con una CE inferior a un producto interno bruto per cápita (15 009 dólares) por AVAC ganado.

Objective. To assess the cost-effectiveness of the quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) in Argentina from the health system perspective. Materials and methods. A dynamic transmission model was used to estimate the impact of the vaccine on the incidence of cervical cancer, warts, and other HPV related diseases; in quality adjusted life years (QALYs); and in healthcare costs. Results. Vaccination could reduce the risk of cervical cancer by 60% and by 67% the risk of genital warts. Compared to a non-vaccine scenario, the immunization strategy showed an incremental benefit of 0.00234 QALY per person at an incremental cost of US$2.36, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$1007.55 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analysis proved the robustness of these results. Conclusions. Immunization with the quadrivalent vaccine was a cost-effective intervention in Argentina, and it was far below the threshold of one gross domestic product per capita (US$15 009) per QALY gained.

Papilomatosis laríngea juvenil y su relación con la infección genital por virus de papiloma humano durante el embarazo / Laryngeal papillomatosis youth and their relationship with infection Genital human papilloma virus during pregnancy

OBJETIVO: establecer la relación entre el diagnóstico de papilomatosis laríngea juvenil y la infección genital por virus de papiloma humano durante el embarazo. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 18 madres de hijos con diagnóstico de papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. Se revisaron las historias de los niños, se realizó anamnesis a las madres buscando antecedentes de infección por virus de papiloma humano durante el embarazo, se practicó evaluación ginecológica actual, citología, vulvoscopia, vaginoscopia, colposcopia y biopsia, de ser necesario. Se tomaron muestras para tipificación viral. RESULTADOS: Hubo 120 casos de papilomatosis laríngea juvenil entre 14 400 pacientes, para una frecuencia de 0,8 %. Entre los pacientes evaluados, predominó el sexo masculino (61,1 %). La edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 5,7 ± 3,2 años. La enfermedad tenía una mediana de evolución de 2 años. La mediana del número de intervenciones quirúrgicas requeridas por paciente, fue 3. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron disnea (83,3 %), y disfonía (61,1 %). El genotipo viral en las lesiones laríngeas fue 6 (50 %), 11 (11,1 %) y coinfección 6 y 11 (11,1 %). Se detectó virus de papiloma humano en 5 madres: 3 de alto riesgo y 2 no tipificables. La vía del parto vaginal fue la más frecuente con un 83,3 %. CONCLUSIONES: La papilomatosis laríngea es poco frecuente (0,8 %), genera un cuadro de severidad variable caracterizado por disnea y disfonía, es producido por papilomavirus humano 6 y 11 y se asocia al nacimiento vía vaginal. No hubo correlación entre los tipos virales de madres e hijos.

OBJECTIVE: to establish the relationship between the diagnosis of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and genital infection with human papilloma virus during pregnancy. METHODS: 18 mothers whose children’s diagnoses were juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis were included. The children’s history were checked, the mothers were given the anamnesis procedure looking for human papilloma virus infections during pregnancy, they were given actual gynecologic evaluations, citology, vulvoscopy, vaginoscopy, colposcopy and biopsy where needed. Samples were taken for their viral tipification. RESULTS: There were 120 cases of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis in 14400 patients, an 0.8% frecuency. Amongst the evaluated patients, most were males (61.1 %). Age at diagnosis was 5.7 ± 3.2 años. The disease had an evolution median time of 2 years. The medical intervention median per patient was 3. The most frecuent clinical manifestations were disnea (83.3 %) and dysphonia (61.1%). The viral genotype on laryngeal lesions was 6 (50%), 11 (11.11 %) and coinfection 6 y 11 (11.1 %). Human papilloma virus was detected in 5 mothers: 3 high risk and 2 non classifiable. Vaginal birth was the most frequent with an 83.3 % rate. CONCLUSION: Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis is not very frequent (0.8 %), generates a manifestation of variable severity characterized by dysnea and dysphonia, produced by human papillomavirus 6 and 11 and is associated to vaginal birth. There was no correlation between the viral types of mothers and children.

Evaluación de la expresión de marcadores celulares p16 INK4a, PCNA y Cadherina E, mediante técnicas inmunohistoquimicas en lesiones de cuello uterino causadas por virus del papiloma humano / Evaluation of the expression of cellular markers p16 INK4a, PCNA and E-cadherin by immunohistochemical techniques in cervical lesions caused by human papilloma virus

Las infecciones por virus de papiloma humano (VPH) influyen en la expresión de proteínas del ciclo celular y producen alteraciones en el epitelio cervical que promueven el desarrollo de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC); los genotipos de VPH se agrupan en VPH de bajo o de alto riesgo oncogénico. Las oncoproteínas virales E6 y E7 de los VPH de alto riesgo (16 y 18), se unen a varios reguladores del ciclo celular, por lo tanto están relacionadas con lesiones de alto grado y cáncer de cuello uterino. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar 36 biopsias de cuello uterino mediante inmunohistoquímica y medir la expresión de los marcadores celulares siguientes: Antígeno Nuclear de Proliferación Celular (PCNA), la proteína de adhesión celular Cadherina E que se inactiva en los momentos iniciales de invasión y metástasis, la expresión de la proteína p16-INK4 que es un inhibidor de las ciclinas que participa en el punto de control G1 del ciclo celular en lesiones de cuello uterino. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que en todas las muestras evaluadas se obtuvo un incremento en la expresión de P16INK4a (95,86%) y de PCNA (92,27%) en zonas con lesión comparado con zonas sin lesión y una disminución en la expresión de cadherina E (18,94%) en zonas con lesión. En conclusión, el marcador celular p16INK4a (P<0,0033) mostró un mejor comportamiento predictivo de la evolución de las lesiones que PCNA y Cadherina E.

Infections human papillomavirus (HPV) influence the expression of cell cycle proteins and produce changes in the cervical epithelium that promote the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); HPV genotypes are grouped into HPV low risk or highoncogenic. Viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 of high-risk HPV (16 and 18), bind to various cell cycle regulators, therefore they are related to high-grade lesions and cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate 36 cervical biopsies by immunohistochemistry and measuring the expression of the following cellular markers: Nuclear Antigen Cell Proliferation (PCNA), the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin is inactivated in the initial moments of invasion and metastasis, p16 expression-INK4 protein is a cyclin inhibitor involved in the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle cervical lesions. The results showed that in all samples tested increased the expression of p16INK4a (95.86%) and PCNA (92.27%) in lesion areas compared to areas without injury and a decrease in expression was obtained Ecadherin (18.94%) in areas with injury. In conclusion, the p16INK4a cell marker (P <0.0033) showed a better predictive performance of the evolution of lesions PCNA and Ecadherin.

Genotipos del virus papiloma humano en el cuello uterino de mujeres de la región central de Venezuela / Genotyping of HPV in the cervix of women in the central region of Venezuela

OBJETIVO: realizar la detección y tipificación del virus papiloma humano, con la finalidad de conocer los genotipos más frecuente en la región central de Venezuela. MÉTODOS: La muestra estuvo constituida por 24 734 pacientes de sexo femenino en edades comprendidas entre 12 y 82 años, con sospecha clínica, citológica y/o histopatológica de infección por el virus papiloma humano. Las muestras provenían de diferentes consultas de ginecología del Estado Carabobo, Venezuela, y fueron recolectadas entre los años 1999 y 2009. Se obtuvieron muestras de hisopado, biopsia fresca y biopsia incluida en parafina. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia del virus fue de 68,7 % (16 991/24 734), de los cuales 70 % correspondieron a mujeres en rango de edad entre 12 a 30 años. Predominaron los genotipos de bajo riesgo oncogénico con 61,6 %, con respecto a los de alto riesgo 33,5 % y de probable alto riesgo 4,9 %. El genotipo más frecuente para el grupo de bajo riesgo fue la 6 (59,2 %) y para los grupos de alto riesgo y posible alto riesgo fue la 31 (31,4 %) y 53 (99,3 %), respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Considerando el número de muestra utilizada, este estudio constituye un importante marco de referencia para futuros trabajos, debido a que proporciona datos relevantes, relacionados con el estado de la infección por el virus papiloma humano en el país.

OBJECTIVE: to perform the detection and typing of human papilloma virus, in order to know the most common genotypes in the central region of Venezuela. METHODS: The sample consisted of 24 734 female patients aged between 12 and 82 years, with clinical suspicion, cytological and/or histopathology of infection by the human papillomavirus. The samples came from different gynecological Carabobo, Venezuela, and were collected between 1999 and 2009. Swab samples, fresh biopsy and paraffin embedded biopsy were obtained. RESULTS: The frequency of the virus was 68.7 % (16 991 / 24 734), of which 70 % were women in the age range of 12-30 years. Predominated low oncogenic risk genotypes with 61.6 % compared to 33.5 % of high risk and high risk probable 4.9 %. The most frequent genotype for low-risk group was 6 (59.2 %) and for high-risk groups and possible high risk was 31 (31.4 %) and 53 (99.3 %), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the number of sample used, this study is an important framework for future work, because it provides relevant data related to the state of infection by the human papilloma virus in the country.

Human papilloma virus and oral cancer: narrative review of the literature / Virus papiloma humano y cáncer oral: revisión narrativa de la literatura

The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is now more common sexually transmitted diseases, with an incidence of 5.5 million worldwide, with 85 percent of the carrier of this virus adult population. Their oncogenic potential and increased oral lesions associated with oral HPV infection have led us to make a narrative of the literature on the role of HPV in oral cancer, especially types 16 and 18. Here we refer to the possible routes of infection, oncogenic mechanisms, both benign and potentially malignant oral lesions associated with the infection, different methods used for detection, prediction and prevention of infection. We stress the importance of the role of the dentist to identify individuals considered high risk and ease of performing detection in the oral cavity, through a quick and easy method as exfoliative cytology.

El Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH) en la actualidad constituye la infección por transmisión sexual más frecuente, presentando una incidencia de 5,5 millones en el mundo, siendo un 85 por ciento de la población adulta portadora de este virus. Su potencial oncogénico y el aumento de lesiones orales asociadas a infección oral por VPH nos han llevado a realizar una narración de la literatura referente al rol del VPH en el cáncer oral, especialmente de los subtipos 16 y 18. Nos referiremos a sus posibles vías de contagio, mecanismos oncogénicos, lesiones orales tanto benignas como potencialmente malignas asociadas a su infección, diferentes métodos utilizados para su detección, pronóstico y prevención de contagio. Destacamos la importancia del rol del odontólogo para identificar individuos considerados de alto riesgo y la facilidad de realizar su detección en la cavidad oral, a través de un método rápido y sencillo como es la citología exfoliativa.

Historia natural de la infección por el virus del papiloma humano: una actualización / Natural history of the infection for human papillomavirus: an actualization

Durante los últimos años, se han sucedido grandes avances en nuestro entendimiento acerca de la biología e historia natural del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH). La mayoría de las infecciones por papiloma virus son transmitidas por un contacto cercano bien sea de piel a piel o mucosa a mucosa. La relación sexual con penetración no es un requerimiento para la transmisión del VPH. Las infecciones orales y digitales por VPH ocurren, y existe evidencia de que el contacto digital-genital y genital-oral puede resultar en la transmisión del VPH, aunque en un porcentaje relativamente bajo. La transmisión vertical de la madre al feto es una vía frecuente de infección, de hecho, se reconoce que más del 80% de los neonatos nacido de madres infectadas con VPH genital serán positivos a la determinación del ADN del VPH en la región naso-faríngea y mucosa oral. Mujeres con infecciones transitorias frecuentemente desarrollan anormalidades citológicas mientras ocurra una replicación activa del VPH. Esto ocurre debido a que las infecciones productivas de VPH resultan en anormalidades citológicas en las células epiteliales infectadas. La fuerte asociación entre el riesgo de infección por VPH y el incremento en la supresión inmune apoya un efecto biológico directo de la infección por VIH en la historia natural del VPH.

In recent years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the biology and natural history of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Most papillomavirus infections are transmitted by close contact of either skin to skin or mucosa to mucosa. Sexual intercourse is not a requirement for genital HPV infection. Digital-oral infections occur and there is evidence that digital-genital and oral-genital contacts can result in the transmission of HPV, although in a relatively low percentage. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus is a common route of infection; in fact, it is recognized that more than 80% of infants born from mothers infected with genital HPV will be positive for HPV DNA determination in the nasal-pharyngeal region and oral mucosa. Women with transient infections often develop cytological abnormalities that take place while there is active HPV replication. This occurs because productive HPV infections result in cytological abnormalities in infected epithelial cells. The strong association between the risk of HPV infection and increased immune suppression, supports a direct biological effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection on the natural history of HPV.

Identificação molecular do HPV em infecções do colo uterino no Brasil: revisão / Molecular identification of HPV infections in cervical cancer in Brazil: review

A infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano (HPV) é o principal responsável pela ocorrência do câncer cervical, sendo que o seu estudo por meio de técnicas moleculares sofreu um aumento significativo na última década. Objetivo: Analisar as publicações sobre a identificação molecular do HPV no colo uterino no Brasil. Metodologia:Trata-se de revisão sistemática nos portais PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde entre os anos de 2007 a 2012, utilizando os termos: “human papillomavirus”, “cervical cancer”, “polymerase chain reaction” e “Brazil”. Dos 37 artigos identificados, 16 permaneceram após leitura dos mesmos na integra, sendo excluídos: os disponíveis apenas o resumo; os estudos que focaram a população masculina; os retrospectivos; com dados dos tipos de HPV indisponíveis; estudos experimentais; comparativo de técnicas; e de variantes intratípicas. De posse desses artigos, realizou-se a distribuição entre a frequência dos tipos de HPV em relação às diferentes técnicas de genotipagem e regiões do Brasil onde ocorreram as pesquisas que originaram os artigos. Resultados: Houve um predomínio das publicações na região Sudeste (43,7%), seguido pelo Nordeste (25,0%) e Sul (18,7%). Dos 16 artigos incluídos, observou-se uma maior frequência pelo HPV tipo 16 seguido do 31. Conclusão:As técnicas de diagnóstico moleculares são importantes ferramentas para a identificação dos tipos de HPV presentes em infecções do colo uterino, observando a necessidade de identificação dos genótipos que predominam na população brasileira, com a finalidade de melhoria na elaboração de políticas públicas em saúde.

he infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main responsible for the occurrence of cervical cancer, and their study using molecular techniques has increased significantly in the last decade. Objective: To analyze the publications on the molecular identification of HPV in cervical cancer in Brazil. Methodology: This is a systematic review in PubMed and Virtual Health Library postals between the years 2007 and 2012 using the terms: “humanpapillomavirus”, “cervical cancer”, “polymerasechainreaction” and “Brazil.” Out of the 37 articles identified, 16 remained after their fully reading, being excluded: available only the summary, the studies that focused on the male population; retrospective; with data of HPV types unavailable; experimental studies, comparative techniques; and intratypical variants. Based on these articles the frequency distribution of HPV types was held relative to different genotyping techniques and regions of Brazil where the articles research took place. Results: There was a predominance of publications in the Southeast (43.7%), followed by the Northeast (25.0%) and South (18.7%) out of the 16 articles included, we observed a higher frequency of HPtion of HPV types in cervical infections, observing the need for identification of genotypes that predominate in the Brazilian population, with the aim of improving the development of public health policies.

An assessment of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding the human papillomavirus / Evaluación de conocimientos, actitudes y comportamiento en relación con el virus del papiloma human

OBJECTIVES: This report is based on a study conducted in February 2010 that assessed the knowledge and attitudes toward cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) in Grenada which has a high incidence of cervical cancer METHODS: The participants were 71 students at the St George's University. There were 58 females and 13 males who participated in the study, a ratio of 4.5:1. Participants were asked to complete a survey on their knowledge and attitudes about HPV, cervical cancer and the associated risk factors. Other evaluations of their levels of risk and Pap smear practices were also assessed. RESULTS: The data reflected low knowledge and infrequent screening practices, from a public health perspective, when compared with developed countries. The data showed a significant deficit in knowledge of both males and females. Almost 95% of the women surveyed were able to correctly identify the purpose of a Pap smear as compared to 69.2% of the men surveyed. When the participants were asked what was the cause of cervical cancer, 63.8% of women and 53.8% of males were correctly able to identify the HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced educational programmes are needed to reduce the burden of cervical cancer that exists in Grenada.

OBJETIVOS: Este informe se basa en un estudio realizado en febrero, 2010, el cual evaluó los conocimientos y actitudes hacia el cáncer cervical y el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en Granada - país con una alta incidencia de cáncer cervical. MÉTODOS: Los participantes fueron 71 estudiantes de la Universidad del Saint George. Los participantes en el estudio fueron 58 hembras y 13 varones, en una proporción de 4.5:1. A los mismos se les pidió llenar una encuesta sobre conocimientos y actitudes sobre el VPH, el cáncer cervical y los factores de riesgo asociados. También se tomaron en cuenta otras evaluaciones con respecto a sus niveles de riesgo y prácticas de pruebas citológicas. RESULTADOS: Los datos reflejaron un bajo conocimiento así como prácticas poco frecuentes de tamizajes, desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, en comparación con los países desarrollados. Los datos mostraron un déficit significativo de conocimientos, tanto por parte de los varones como de las hembras. Casi el 95% de las mujeres encuestadas pudieron identificar el propósito de la prueba citológica correctamente, en comparación con el 69.2% de hombres encuestados. Cuando se les preguntó a los participantes cuál era la causa del cáncer cervical, el 63.8% de las mujeres y el 53.8% de los varones pudieron correctamente identificar el VPH. CONCLUSIONES: Se necesitan programas educativos perfeccionados a fin de reducir la carga de cáncer cervical que actualmente existe en Granada.

Premio profesor doctora Noemí Mitelman de Polack: infección intrafamiliar por virus papiloma humano / Profesor doctor Noemi Mitelman de Polack award: intrafamiliar infection by human papilloma virus

La infección por VPH presenta formas clínicas, subclínicas o infección latente. Es necesario detectarla mediante la determinación del ADN viral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar casos de infección intrafamiliar por VPH y contribuir al diagnóstico del virus. Se seleccionaron pacientes con sospecha de infección VPH intrafamiliar; se procedió a la toma de muestras para ADNVPH mediante raspaje de la mucosa con citobrush. De las mismas se extrajo el ADN y se aplicó la técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR) para la detección viral y su variante LIS-SSCP para genotipificación. Resultados: se hallaron VPHs de alto y bajo riesgo en los distintos casos. Concluimos que existe transmisión intrafamiliar del virus, sin descartar la transmisión directa y la posibilidad de hallazgos en mucosa normal.

Nuevos paradigmas y desafíos en la prevención y control del cáncer de cuello uterino en América Latina / New paradigms and challenges in cervical cancer prevention and control in Latin America

El cáncer de cuello uterino sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en Latinoamérica. El uso de la citología para la detección de lesiones pre-cancerosas no ha tenido mayor impacto en las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad, que aún se mantienen altas en la región. La disponibilidad de nuevas técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de lesiones pre-cancerosas y de vacunas altamente eficaces que previenen casi todas las lesiones relacionadas con VPH-16 y VPH-18 en mujeres no expuestas previamente al virus representan una gran oportunidad para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino en la región. En este manuscrito resumimos la evidencia científica y la experiencia de la región en i) el uso de pruebas de VPH y de la inspección visual después del ácido acético (IVAA) en tamizaje primario, y ii) la implementación de programas de vacunación en adolescentes. Finalmente enumeramos una serie de recomendaciones adecuadas para distintos escenarios. La factibilidad de implementar un programa nacional de prevención de cáncer de cuello uterino exitoso y sostenible en países latinoamericanos dependerá de las prioridades de salud, la infraestructura y personal de salud disponible, determinadas luego de un riguroso análisis situacional local.

Cervical cancer continues to be a significant health problem in Latin America. The use of conventional cytology to detect precancerous cervical lesions has had almost no major impact on reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, which are still high in the region. The availability of new screening tools to detect precancerous lesions provide great opportunities for cervical cancer prevention in the region, as do highly efficacious HPV vaccines able to prevent nearly all lesions associated with HPV-16 and -18 when applied before viral exposure. This paper summarizes the scientific evidence and regional experiences related to: i) the use of HPV testing and visual inspection after the application of acetic acid (VIA) in primary screening and ii) the implementation of adolescent HPV vaccination programs. Finally, we outline a number of recommendations for different resource settings. The feasibility of implementing successful and sustainable national cervical cancer prevention programs in Latin American countries in the region will depend on health priorities and the availability of infrastructure and health personnel-as determined by rigorous local situational analysis.

Frequência de Papilomavírus humano (HPV) e Chlamydia trachomatis em gestantes / Frequency of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis in Pregnant Women

Este estudo transversal de caráter analítico teve por objetivo avaliar a frequência da infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano (HPV) e Chlamydia trachomatis, bem como de alterações citopatológicas e colposcópicas em um grupo de 96 gestantes (51 HIV soropositivas e 45 HIV soronegativas) no período de abril de 2006 a maio de 2007. Todas responderam a questionário padrão seguido de atendimento ginecológico. Foram coletadas amostras da cérvice uterina para pesquisa de HPV e C. trachomatis pela técnica de Captura de Híbrido (CH II®) para a colpocitologia oncótica e, por fim, realizou-se o exame colposcópico. Os dados foram armazenados e analisados no Epi Info, versão 6.04 e SPSS versão 9.0. Utilizou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado considerando o valor de 5 por cento (p<0,05) como limiar de significância para análise estatística. Das gestantes HIV positivas, 62,7 por cento foram positivas para HPV e 17,6 por cento para C. trachomatis. Entre as gestantes HIV negativas, 17,8 por cento e 4,4 por cento foram positivas para o HPV e para a C. trachomatis, respectivamente. A colpocitologia oncótica identificou maior frequência de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas cervicais de baixo grau em ambos os grupos, sendo 21,6 por cento entre as gestantes HIV positivas e 13,3 por cento no grupo HIV negativo. O epitélio acetobranco foi o achado colposcópico mais reiterado nos dois grupos. Concluiu-se que a infecção pelo HPV e por C. trachomatis é mais freqüente em gestantes infectadas pelo HIV caracterizando, desta forma, à luz de conhecimentos atuais, uma população de maior risco de desenvolver câncer cervical.

A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in order to identify the frequency of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis, colposcopic and cytological findings in a group of 96 pregnant women (51 HIV positive and 45 HIV negative) from April 2006 to May 2007. All patients went through a standard questionnaire, followed by gynecological examination. Samples were collected for HPV survey and C. trachomatis by the Hybrid Capture II technique for oncotic colpocytology (Papanicolaou), followed by colposcopy. Data were stored and analyzed using Epi Info, version 6.04 and SPSS version 9.0. For statistical analysis the chi-square test were used with level of significance set at 5 percent. Among the HIV positive pregnant women 62.7 percent were positive for HPV and 17.6 percent were positive for C. trachomatis. In contrast, for HIV negative pregnant women 17.8 percent and 4.4 percent were positive for HPV and C. trachomatis, respectively. The Pap smear identified a larger amount of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in both groups, 21.6 percent in HIV positive pregnant women and 13.3 percent in HIV negative pregnant women. The aceto white epithelium was the most frequent colposcopy abnormality. In conclusion, the infection by HPV and C. trachomatis is more common in pregnant women infected with HIV, characterizing, thus, based on current knowledge, a population that is more susceptible to cervical cancer.

Virus de papiloma humano y factores de riesgo: en el desarrollo de cáncer cérvico uterino / VPH and riks factors: in the development of cervix cancer

Se presenta una revisión sobre la relación entre el virus de papiloma humano y el cáncer cérvico uterino, haciendo énfasis en el papel etiológico de la infección viral durante el desarrollo de malignidad, los posibles factores y cofactores involucrados y la importancia clínica de este conocimiento en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de dicha patología, considerada mundialmente como un problema de salud pública.

This is a review about the relationship between human papillomavirus and the cervical cancer, with emphasis on the etiological role of the viral infection during the development of malignancy, the possible factors and the cofactors involved and the importance of this knowledge in clinical diagnosis and treatment of this kind of pathology, seen in worldwide as a public health problem.

Diagnóstico microbiológico de infecciones de transmisión Sexual: Parte II. ITS virales / Microbiologic diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases: Part II. STD of viral origin

Sexually transmitted diseases are highly prevalent and a public health concern worldwide. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) are described. The development of rapid, sensible and specific diagnostic assays has been difficult because of their pathogenic features. In the last years, molecular biology based techniques allowed a better and wider range of diagnosis, as in the HPV-cancer association. In this article, standardized diagnostic methodologies for HSV and HPV are reviewed.

Las Infecciones virales de transmisión sexual son altamente prevalentes y constituyen un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Entre los agentes que se contagian por esta vía, se describe acerca de virus herpes simplex (HSV) y virus papiloma humano (HPV). Las características patogénicas de estas infecciones han dificultado la implementación de técnicas diagnósticas rápidas, sensibles y específicas para el diagnóstico clínico habitual. En los últimos años las metodologías diagnósticas sustentadas en la biología molecular han permitido mej orar y ampliar el rango de diagnóstico posible para estos agentes infecciosos y relacionarlos con otras patologías, como es el caso de HPV y cáncer. En el presente artículo se revisan metodologías diagnósticas implementadas para el diagnóstico microbiológico de HSV y de HPV.